Slow Drag in 2D Granular Media
نویسندگان
چکیده
We study the drag force experienced by an object slowly moving at constant velocity through a 2D granular material consisting of bidisperse disks. The drag force is dominated by force chain structures in the bulk of the system, thus showing strong fluctuations. We consider the effect of three important control parameters for the system: the packing fraction, the drag velocity and the size of the tracer particle. We find that the mean drag force increases as a power-law (exponent of 1.5) in the reduced packing fraction, (γ − γc)/γc, as γ passes through a critical packing fraction, γc. By comparison, the mean drag grows slowly (basically logarithmic) with the drag velocity, showing a weak rate-dependence. We also find that the mean drag force depends nonlinearly on the diameter, a of the tracer particle when a is comparable to the surrounding particles’ size. However, the system nevertheless exhibits strong statistical invariance in the sense that many physical quantities collapse onto a single curve under appropriate scaling: force distributions P(f) collapse with appropriate scaling by the mean force, the power spectra P(ω) collapse when scaled by the drag velocity, and the avalanche size and duration distributions collapse when scaled by the mean avalanche size and duration. We also show that the system can be understood using simple failure models, which repro-
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